یک فنجان انگلیسی ، دورِ همی ... English Learners

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195

Talk about your favorite actor or actress .


Since I am not very interested in cinema and TV , I don't know all actors or actresses . But I really admire Ezzatollah Entezami , who is one of the most skilled movie stars in Iran's cinema . He lives with the character whose role he is playing .

I have watched most of his works and one of which many times. At that time he was at the very beginning of his career , but he proved himself talented . That film is " The Cow " in which a group of excellent actors and actresses starred and he played the main role .

When he was talking about this memories , he mentioned that he spent hours and hours watching cows and studying their behavior so that he could ruminate like them ,

Nowadays , actors won't do such things ; I mean their jobs are not that valuable to them . That is what makes him an exception ; and he is not like anyone else . I might say he is a myth now . His fantastic and different plays is one of the reasons I admire him. His appearance is notable and he has a unique way of speaking and his voice is also interesting .

at the very beginning of his career : در ایتدای کار(حرفه) خود .

talented : مستعد .

star : (بعنوان بهترین بازیگر) درخشیدن .

ruminate : اندیشیدن = Think about

their jobs are not that valuable to them : شغلشون آنقدرها ارزشمند نیست براشون .

That is : برای پیوند دادن جمله ی قبلی با بعدی ..

an exception : یک استثناء.

myth : اسطوره = Legend .



196

A few jobs and positions have different words for men and women

Actor / actress .. For both (Actor)i
groom (Bridegroom) / bride
duke / duchess
hero / heroine
host / hostess
poet / poetess
monk / nun
prince / princess
waiter / waitress
widower / widow
barman/barmaid
king/queen
landlord/landlady
steward/stewardess... For both ( flight attendant )i
headmaster/headmistress ...For both( headteacher )i
policeman/policewoman ..For both ( Police officer )i
manager/manageress .. For both ( Manager )i
...



life is a road and you are its passengers so , be careful about the value of your times , maybe you wont be in the road tomorrow

life is a road and you are its passengers so , be careful about the value of your times , maybe you wont be in the road tomorrow

Indeed, this life is a test. It is a test of many things - of our convictions and priorities, our faith and our faithfulness, our patience and our resilience, and in the end, our ultimate desires.


197

Speak about the most difficult exams of your life .


Well , the most difficult exam that I have taken was " The University Entrance Exam " . This exam was so demanding ( challenging ) that passing it looked something like a dream to me . I was 19 years old . I had to study hard in order to get a high rank so that I could be accepted at a good university .

I studied night and day for four months and just focused all my attention on my studies . During those months, I did not go anywhere and didn't have any entertainment . I had just one goal to achieve and it was to pass this exam .

During those days my family helped me a lot and they were there for me . Since the Entrance Exam was very important , most of the students were stressed out on the exam day and I was not an exception .

I tried to concentrate ( focus ) and calm down and then I prayed a little bit and started to answer the questions . It was a difficult exam and there were a lot of questions that had to be answered .

Sometimes my mind went blank and I forgot everything . It took about four hours . I was exhausted ( So tired ) . Finally , it was announced that time was over . I left the exam session happily . Though the exam was very difficult , I passed successfully and was able to go to one of the best universities .

قبلا در مورد Collocation ها صحبت کردم که بعضی از افعال رو باید با بعضی از اسم ها بکار برد تا صحبت کردن طبیعی و نیتیو بنظر برسه ... مثلا امتحان دادن : Take an exam یا مثلا Achieve a goal ..

Entrance Exam :امتحان ورودی (کنکور ) ..البته همون Concour Exam هم میشه گفت چون کلمات زیادی از فرانسه وارد زبان فارسی هم شده و Concours ( تلفظ میشه کنکوغ ) یعنی رقابت یکی از اوناست و بکار بردن نام خود کنکور هم ایرادی نداره ..

be accepted at : پذیرفته شدن در ، همون قبول شدن در کنکور = Get accepted at

entertainment : سرگرمی = Fun

وقتی بخوایم بگیم من استرس دارم بهترین حالتش اینه که بگیم : I am stressed out

my mind goes blank : ذهنم هنگ میکرد یعنی نمیتونستم فکر کنم .

announce : اعلام کردن .

Though : هر چند ، ولو .

Some examples of collocations

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_collocations2.jpg)

198

Download the audio :ok1:

Mike: OK, Craig and Gavin, I realise that there have been some problems between you recently, and I’d like to try and sort them out ( Understand , Find ) right now. Gavin, can you tell me why you think this problem has arisen now?

this problem has arisen : این مشکل ، بوجود آمده .


Gavin: You’re asking me!? I really have no idea. I mean, I came into this job a year ago with a special project to do … I had a very positive attitude ( relation , view ) , I was excited about it and Craig’s just blocked me all along …

I really have no idea. : همون نمیدونم هست =I really don't know

blocked me all along : در تمام طول این مدت سدراه من شده یا جلوگیری کرده ( منظورش اینه که مانع تحقق بخشیدن به ایده هاش شده )


Craig: Well, that’s not fair at all, that’s just not true

at all : اصلا .


Mike: OK, OK, one second. Can everyone speak one at a time, please! Gavin, go on …

Gavin: Well, that’s about it really. I’ve never felt as if I’ve been welcomed here. I mean, when I walk into the office, the others don’t even say hello to me …

as if : مثل اینکه ، انگار که = As though


Craig: That’s just not true! It’s you who doesn’t say hello!

Mike: Craig, please! Gavin, can you tell me why you think this situation may have arisen?
Gavin: Well, as I said, I’ve really no idea. Perhaps it’s just my style – I’m very positive, energetic and outgoing, while everyone else here seems to be half-asleep …

Mike: Erm, listen, I don’t think that personal, judgemental comments like that help. Can we just stick to facts rather than opinions?

judgemental comments : نظرات قضاوتی ( قضاوت شخصی در مورد دیگران و نه حقیقی )
stick to facts
: چسبیدن به حقایق


Gavin: OK. Well, I could see right away that some changes needed making here, so I set about ( Begin to do something ) making those changes …

Mike: And was that part of your job description?

Gavin: Job description! Job description! That’s all I ever hear round here …That’s the problem with this place … there’s no initiative, no energy …

Job description : شرح وظابف شغلی .
initiative : ابتکار ، ذوق ، قریحه .


Mike: Hmm, OK. Craig, would you like to tell us what you feel the problem is?
Craig: Well, I think it’s quite clear isn’t it? Him! That’s it!
Mike: OK, as I said, can we keep away from personal comments here, and stick to talking about the workplace …
Craig: Well, I am talking about the workplace! He doesn’t respect the limits of what he’s supposed to do … He came in here for a one-year project, but has then tried to change the way everyone else works as well …

what he’s supposed to do : اون چه که ازش انتظار میره انجام بده یا قراره که انجام بده .
has then tried: از اون موقع تلاش میکنه که ...


Mike: Gavin? Can you respond ( answer ) to that?

Gavin: Well, my project involved everyone else. It was impossible to do what I had to do without getting other people to rethink the way they work.

involve : شامل شدن ، درگیر شدن .

getting other people to rethink : در پست بعدی توضیح میدم .


Mike: OK, I think that personality issues are crucial here.
Gavin/Craig: (murmurs of agreement)

murmur : زمزمه.


Mike: Personality issues are the most difficult thing to change. Perhaps we’ll never be able to resolve them. You are different people with different personalities and different ways of working.

Gavin: And so?
Mike: Well, that doesn’t mean the problem can’t be solved. We have to be flexible, accept change and be tolerant of difference

flexible : انعطاف پذیر
be tolerant of difference : صبور باشیم و تحمل کنیم تفاوت رو.


Craig: Easy to say!

Mike: Well, yes, it is easy to say … but difficult to do! I don’t deny that. However, what we need to do is review your project, and look at everyone’s roles and responsibilities in the project and in this organisation as a whole. If everyone sticks to and respects other people’s roles and responsibilities, then we can at least settle on a good, constructive working atmosphere.

settle on a good, constructive working atmosphere : مستقر شدن ( ترتیب دادن ) در فضای کاری خوب و سازنده .



Link

199


causative verbs


افعال سببی :

این افعال به معی این هستن که فردی سبب میشه فرد دیگر کاری رو انجام بده ، تقریبا مشابه پسیو ( مجهول) هست .

فعل دوم باید ساده بیاد .



:LET

"to allow someone to do something"


  • John let me drive his new car.
  • Will your parents let you go to the party?
  • I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.

:MAKE

"to force someone to do something"

  • My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
  • Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
  • She made her children do their homework.

:HAVE

"to give someone the responsibility to do something"

  • Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
  • Please have your secretary fax me the information.
  • I had the mechanic check the brakes.

:GET

"to convince to do something" or "to trick someone into doing something"

  • Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
  • How can parents get their children to read more?
  • The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.

[h=3]Get vs. Have[/h]
Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.

  • I got the mechanic to check my brakes.
    At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes.
  • I had the mechanic check my brakes.
    I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.


200

Speak about the child you like the most.


I like my niece Fatima very much . She is three years old. She is such as cute girl that everyone in the famiy adores and loves her . She has a pretty face with blue eyes . Her hair is blond and her skin is fair . Everybody says that she takes after her mom . Although she is only three years old , she cares about herself a lot ; she always tries to be clean and tidy .

If her hands are a little dirty , she either washes them or has others do that . If her hair is not tidy , she stays in front of her mother ot enyone else with a brush in her hand and insists that they brush it for her . She is vey funny and what she usually says makes us laugh .

She is a very polite girl . When she goes out with her parents , she says hello to everyone in the neighborhood . What distinguishes her from the other kids in the family is that she usually behaves and talks like a mature girl and maybe that's the main reason she is the apple of her parents' eyes . If she sees that another child is crying , she goes to her and gives her hairpins as a gift .

niece :دختربرادر یا دخترخواهر ..

fair : اینجا یعنی لطیف =Soft

take after :شبیه شدن ، خودمون میگیم که یارو کشیده به مادرش :Nishkhand: =Resemble

has others do that: افعال سببی تو پست قبلی توضیح دادم .

insist: اصرار کردن.

mature: بالغ .

she is the apple of her parents' eyes : ما میگیم فلانی نور چشمیِ مامان باباشه . یعنی جایگاه خاصی داره در نظر والدینش .

hairpin: موگیر، سنجاق سر.

201

Do ypu bruise easily?i

People whose immune system is weak usually bruise easily . Fortunately , I do not have such a problem .

immune system : سیستم ایمنی .

weak: ضعیف .. متضادش : Strong , Powerful

bruise : کبود شدن .


202

Do you catch a cold more than once a year?i

I usually catch a cold three or four times a year . It is because of the sudden change in weather or I catch it from others .


catch a cold : سرماخوردن .

sudden change in weather: تغییر ناگهانی در هوا.

I was thinking;
Maybe I am just like this nature.
And until my heart is the prison of bitter memories, it won't host the spring!
My heart shook! How can I forget?
But…forgiveness in not naivety, it’s not forgetfulness…
Forgiveness is a present for our heart, to become weightless, to be peaceful & mellow.
I clean my heart from hatreds and annoyances, to welcome the spring full of affection, love and truthfulness…
Calm and light, like the spring…

با خود می اندیشیدم؛
شاید من نیز همانند این طبیعتم
و قلبم تا زمانی که زندان خاطرات تلخ است، میزبان بهار نخواهد شد
دلم لرزید. چگونه فراموش کنم
اما… گذشت Tسادگی نیست، فراموشی نیست
بخشایش پیشکشی است برای قلب خود، که سبک شود، که آرامش یابد
دلم را از کینه ها و رنجش ها می شویم، تا با وجودی مملو از مهر و پاکی، به استقبال نوروز بیایم
سبک و آرام، چون بهار

سرزمینی که اسطوره های خویش را فراموش کند
به اسطورهای کشورهای دیگر دلخوش می کند
فرزندان چنین دودمانی بی پناه و آسیب پذیرند

The country which forgets its own legends
tries to satisfy itself by other countries' legends
Children of such a dynasty are open and vulnerable

Waiting for the appearance of Imam zaman is waiting for the power of islam
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With leanining on this people's power we never feel any weakness toward any word power


appearance ==>ظاهر شدن
power==>قدرت
lean on ==>تکیه کردن
weakness==>ضعف
toward==>در مقابل

سلام ... هرزگاهی هم Ielts Writing Task 1 یعنی تشریح نمودار و گراف و چارت و دایاگرام و اینها میزارم ... سعی میکنم تحلیل های با نمرات بالا رو اینجا قرار بدم ... :Gol:

203

The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school site in 2024.



IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_6a0120a5bb05d8970c01b7c7c3ff22970b.png)


The two pictures compare the layout (plan) of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a proposed site design for the year 2024.

It is clear that the main change for 2024 involves the addition of a new school building. The school will then be able to accommodate a considerably larger number of students.

In 2004, there were 600 pupils attending the school, and the two school buildings were separated by a path running from the main entrance to the sports field. By 2024, it is expected that there will be 1000 pupils, and a third building will have been constructed. Furthermore, the plan is to join the two original buildings together, creating a shorter path that links the buildings only.

As the third building and a second car park will be built on the site of the original sports field, a new, smaller sports field will need to be laid. A new road will also be built from the main entrance to the second car park. Finally, no changes will be made to the main entrance and original car park.

( 183words, band 9)

proposed : پیشنهاد شده ، مطرح شده .

accommodate : جای دادن .

pupil : شاگرد ، دانش آموز.

By : تا ( نزدیکِ )

will have been constructed: ساخته شده باشد .. Link ...

Lay : طراحی کردن =Design = Plan


....

دامنه لغات خیلی مهمه ... و اینکه همیشه ایده داشته باشید برای بیان کردن .. اکثرا متقاضیان دانش انگلیسی خوبی دارن و خوب صحبت میکنن یعنی قوی هستن در گرامر و حتی لغت اما یهو به سوالاتی برمیخورن که ذهنشون براش ایده ای نداره .. با مطالعه این مطالب ایده جمع کنید ...:ok:



204

Who do you think lives a more healthy life , a person living in a coty or in a village ? i

I think those who live in a village have more physical activities as compared to those who live in a city . It is clean and the weather is lovely . City life is stressful.

village: روستا .

as compared to:در مقایسه با .

stressful : پر استرس .

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_ielts-academic-writing-task-1-describing-trends.gif)

[h=3]Verbs to describe an upward trend[/h] The following verbs can be used to describe a trend or pattern that goes up.

  • climb (past: climbed)l
  • go up (past: went up)l
  • grow (past: grew)l
  • increase (past: increased)l
  • jump (past: jumped)l
  • rise (past: rose)l
  • rocket (past: rocketed)l

[h=3]Verbs to describe a downward trend[/h] The following verbs can be used to describe a trend or pattern that goes down.

  • decline (past: declined)l
  • decrease (past: decreased)l
  • drop (past: dropped)l
  • fall (past: fell)l
  • go down (past: went down)l
  • plummet (past: plummeted) = to fall or drop suddenly in amount or value
  • plunge (past: plunged) = to fall or drop suddenly in amount or value


Plunge and Plummet, when describing trends, have the same meaning.

[h=3]Words and phrases used to describe a stable trend[/h] To describe a more or less stable pattern, you can use the following expressions:

  • maintain (past: maintained)l
  • remain (past: remained)l
  • stay (past: stayed)l
  • constant
  • stable
  • steady
  • unchanged

[h=3]Nouns used when describing trends[/h]

  • decline
  • decrease
  • dip (a momentarily small drop in the level of something)l
  • drop
  • fall
  • fluctuation (= an irregular rising and falling in number or amount; a variation)l
  • growth
  • increase
  • peak (= the highest point)l
  • rise
  • slump (= a severe or prolonged fall in the price, value, or amount of something)l
  • variation (= a change or difference in condition, amount, or level)l


از همشون مثالهایی رو خواهید دید در تحلیل Task1 ..

ان شاالله :Gol:

205

Download the audio:ok1:

Business and ethics


Today I’m going to talk about business and ethics. First I’ll look at what is meant by business ethics. Then I’ll examine the kind of ethical considerations companies need to address ( Consider , solve , fix ) , how they can go about doing business in a more ethical way, and look at some examples of ethical business practices.


ethics : اصول اخلاقی.

meant is the pst form of mean : تلفظش /ment/

examine : بررسی کردن = Scrutinize

ethical considerations : ملاحظات اخلاقی.

practice: عرف = custom




So what are business ethics and why are they seen as important in today’s business climate? Business ethics relate to how a company conducts ( manage , navigate , carry out ) its business in order to make a profit. Although the primary (main) goal of the company may be to make money, it also recognises that it has a responsibility towards the society in which it operates. The term ‘corporate social responsibility’ is often used, and nowadays many companies have strong corporate social responsibility programmes designed to help create a prosperous, inclusive society.

make a profit : اینو بعنوان collocation حفظش کنید .. یعنی سودآوری ، ایجادسود.

towards : نسبت به .

prosperous = successful

inclusive society : جامعه ی فراگیر = A society for all



Now I’ll look at some basic ethical considerations that a company needs to address. The first area is how the company treats its employees. All employees should be treated fairly and with respect. A company that cares for its workers’ welfare will tend to have a happier workforce and a lower turnover of staff. It is also important that workers are recruited on a basis of equal opportunity.


fairly : منصفانه ، عادلانه =Justly =even-handedly

welfare : رفاه ، آسایش = Comfort

turnover of staff : میزان تغییر در تعداد کارمندان ( وفادار بودن و ماندنِ کارمندان) = employees turnover

نکته : یه Staff داری به معنی کارمند و یه Stuff داریم به معنی وسایل ، ماده ، کالا .

recruit
: نیروی تازه استخدام کردن .

on a basis of = based on


The second area is how a company conducts its day-to-day business. In a manufacturing business, this includes how suppliers of raw materials are chosen and treated. A good example of this is the Fair Trade movement. This initiative ensures that small-scale farmers are paid directly and at a fair price for their crops. A company should also look at its policy on paying suppliers, and ensure that payments are made on time.


suppliers of raw materials : تامنی کنندگان مواد خام یا مواد اولیه .

Fair Trade : معامله و کسب و کار منصفانه.

initiative : ابتکار .

ensure : تضمین کردن =warrant

small-scale farmer : کشاورز(تولید کننده اولیه ) خُرد یعنی کشاورز در سطح اولیه که مواد خام ازش خریداری میشه .

crops: محصولات زراعی .




Another ethical consideration is the impact the business has on the environment. Manufacturing companies should strive to ensure that production is clean and careful, and look for ways to minimise energy consumption and waste products.

Finally, a company can also decide to give something back to the community it operates in. This can be in the form of ‘corporate giving’ programmes, where donations are given to community projects, or by initiating schemes to improve the local community and encouraging employees to work on these schemes.

strive : کوشیدن = endeavour

energy consumption : مصرف انرژی.

waste products : محصولات زائد ، زباله در اثر تولید.

corporate giving: شرکتها یک مقداری از سودشون رو ببخشن و هدیه کنن = corporate philanthropy

donations : کمک های مالی ، هدایا.

initiating schemes : آغاز کردن یا بنیان نهادنِ طرح ها و برنامه ها ...


Link

206


یک نکته ی گرامری برای رایتینگ :


[h=3]IELTS Grammar: using 'with' instead of 'and':ok3:[/h]

A) The IELTS exam is popular, and over 1 million people take it every year.
Dirol The IELTS exam is popular, with over 1 million people taking it every year.

A) The cost of living is high, and prices are going up every year.
Dirol The cost of living is high, with prices going up every year.

Notice the use of the 'ing' verb form after 'with'. Notice also that there is no auxiliary verb 'are' in the second examples.

207

What is the role of nuclear energy in the world today?i

It can replace fossil fuels. We all know that we are faced with a shortage of fossil fuels . In this case , nuclear energy seems like a good alternative .

fossil fuels: سوخت های فسیلی .

Be faced with : مواجه بودن با . اگر Face رو بصورت ساده بخوایم بکار ببریم ، نه مجهول ، with نداره مثال : The coal industry faces serious challenges

shortage: کمبود = Lack

alternative : جایگزین.


208

Do you think that the tabacco companies should be held reasonably responsible foe a person's addiction to nicotine?i

Yes, because although they are fully aware that what they produce puts people's lives in danger , they keep producing it for their own benefits . In addition to these companies , government , andvetising companies and even those who buy and consume products are responsible .

Be aware of : آگاه بودن .

puts people's lives in danger: به خطر انداختن زندگی مردم .

own benefits : منافع خودشان.

andvetising companies : شرکتهای تبلیغاتی .

Produce ... Product ... Production ... Productive ... فرقشون رو بدونید ...

209

Do you think you will live untill a ripe old age ? Why ior why not ?i

I hope so . Of course nobody can predict the future , but I have had a healthy life so far . I have a good food regimen and exercise regularly . I go for a medical check-up twice a year and avoid all those things which threaten my health .


ripe old age = A very old age

so far : تا الان .. حتما شنیدید که در جواب مثلا اینکه : کارا چطوری پیش میره ؟ میگن : So far so good .. یعنی تا الان که خوب بوده .

medical check-up: چک آپ پزشکی .

threaten :تهدید کردن .


210

Do you think you are overweight?i

Absolutely not! There is a fine match between my weight and height according to health standards .


fine match : تعادل یا تطابق خوب = Good balance

height : قد .. تلفظش رو بلد باشید درسته که املاش شبیه Weight هست اما در تلفظ متفاوت هستن. /hʌɪt/ .. /weɪt/

overweight : چاق = Obese= Chubby

211

Have you ever broken a bone ?i

I have . I think I was five or six years old . I was playing tag with my friends when I fell down and broke my knee.


tag : گرگم به هوا.

Fall down : افتادن .

broke my knee : زانوم شکست . در اصل اینجوری میگن که زانومو شکستم ..


212

How can you reduce stress in your life ?i

Praying helps me a lot . Sometimes I listen to music or go out and try to enjoy nature . We can work against stress , by maintaining (hold) a balance between work and rest , by keeping our relationships healthy and by giving up unrealistic expectations both from ourselves and others .

Praying: مناجات کردن .

against : در مقابل .

giving up: ترک کردن ، ول کردن = Changing our mind = quit=Leave

unrealistic expectations: انتظارات غیرواقعی .

چندتا Idiom کاربردی :

It costs an arm and a leg

حسابی پیاده شدم، کلی واسم آب خورد .. خیلی گرونه



***

Good for you
خوش به حالت

***

Ring a bell
به نظر كسي آشنا آمدن. به ذهن كسي آمدن ( مثلا وقتي كسي رو نديديم ولي مي گيم چقدر به نظر آشنا مي رسه !! )

***

I saw a Saw that saw a Saw

من يک ارّه ديدم که داشت ارّه ديگه رو ميبريد،(دست بالا دست بسياره)

به معنای ديدن see اولی گذشته saw

دوم به معنای ارّه saw

سوم به معنای بريدن saw

چهارم هم به معنای ارّه saw


***

Wet blanket
ضدحال

***

I’m all ears
سرتا پا گوشم

**

It’s over my head
فراتر از فهم منه

***

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_Cute-Animal.1200.jpg)

213

The charts below compare the age structure of the populations of France and India in 1984.


IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_____.gif)


mm
The two charts compare the populations of France and India in terms of age distribution by gender in the year 1984.



It is clear that the population of India was younger than that of France in 1984, with a noticeably larger proportion of people aged under 20. France, on the other hand, had a significantly larger percentage of elderly inhabitants.

In India, close to 14% of people were aged 5 or under, and each five-year age bracket above this, contained an increasingly smaller proportion of the population. France’s population, by contrast, was more evenly distributed across the age ranges, with similar figures (around 7% to 8% of all people) for each five-year cohort between the ages of 0 and 40. Somewhere between 10% and 15% of all French people were aged 70 or older, but the equivalent figure for India was only 2%.

Looking more closely at gender, there was a noticeably higher proportion of French women than men in every cohort from age 50 upwards. For example, almost 3% of French 70- to 75-year-olds were women, while just under 2% were men. No significant gender differences can be seen on the Indian population chart.

( words199, band 9)

in terms of : از لحاظ.

a noticeably larger proportion : یک بخش قابل توجهی بزرگتر .

aged: رشد کرده و بزرگ شده (خود Age بف عنوان فعل یعنی سن کردن ، پیرشدن )

on the other hand : از سوی دیگه.

a significantly larger percentage : درصد قابل توجهی بزرگتر = a noticeably larger proportion

elderly inhabitants
: ساکنان سالمند.

close to: نزدیک به = By = nearly = almost =approximately

an increasingly smaller proportion : بصورت فزاینده ای بخش کوچکتر.

by contrast: در مقابل ، در عوض ، از سوی دیگر ( برای نشون دادن تفاوت و مقایسه بکار میره ) = on the other hand

was more evenly distributed across the age ranges: بطور آرام تری (evenly = calmly ) در محدوده ی سنی توزیع شده بود ، پخش شده بود .

figure : رقم ، عدد.

around : حدودِ ، تقریبا ، حول وحوشِ.

cohort : گروه = Group

but the equivalent figure for India : اما معادل این رقم برای هند .

gender : جنسیت .

upwards: به بالا .

No significant gender differences : تقاوت سنی قابل توجه و معناداری نیست.

این چارت تحلیلش سخت بود میدونم .. ولی خب خوبه که آشنا بشید با تحلیل کردن چارتها .. کمی خلاقیت میخواد و اینکه بلد باشید که به یک موضوع زاویه ی دید متفاوتی داشته باشید .. هیچ وقت بهتون گفته نمیشه چجوری تحلیل کنید بلکه شکل رو میدن و این شمایید که باید برآورد کنید که چجوری به موضوعات نگاه کنید !

باید مراقب باشید که اگر سالی که بهش اشاره شده ، گذشته ، حتما از افعال گذشته استفاده کنید .. گاهی میان برآوردهای آینده رو میدن...



214

¼: One-fourth
(one quarter / a quarter / one out of four)

½: a half
(or one-half)

¾: Three-fourths
(three-quarters / three out of four)


بخاطر 3 بصورت جمع میاد مخرجش .. یعنی اگر کسر بیشتر از یک باشه ، مخرج رو باید بصورت جمع بگیم . مثلا

(two thirds, three quarters, five sixteenths ) اما (a half or one half, a fifth or one fifth)

½ 1: one and a half

***

100m2 : One hundred square meters
1km2 : One square kilometer
70cm3 : Seventy cubic centimeters
680ft3 : Six hundred and eighty cubic feet

***

215

At what age did you start studying mathematics?i

I can't exactly remember, but it was probably in my first year at primary school when I was 5 years old. I probably learnt simple addition at that age.

primary school : دبستان.

Do you like mathematics? Why / why not?i

I don't dislike maths, but I wouldn't say that I've ever really liked the subject either. I'm happy to do simple calculations, but my brain can't cope with the complex stuff!

complex stuff : چیزای پیچیده .

Is it necessary for everyone to learn mathematics?i

Yes, I think it is. We all need a basic grounding in maths so that we can do daily tasks, like managing our money, working out bills, and so on.

a basic grounding: پایه ی حداقلی.
working out
: فهمیدن ، انجام دادن.

Do you prefer to use a calculator when doing mathematics?i

It depends. I quite like exercising my brain with anything that's easy enough, but I use the calculator on my phone for anything tricky.



tricky : سخت.

216

If you were president of your country , what would you do to improve people's health ?i

I would shut down the tobacco companies . I would replace old cars with new ones which consume electric energy . I would invest in projects seeking out solutions for pollution .

shut down : بستن .

tobacco: دخانیات.

consume electric energy : مصرف میکنند انرژی الکتریکی .

invest in: سرمایه گذاری کردن ، صرف کردن .

seek out
: پیدا کردن ، گشتن به دنبال = Find = Search


217

Should smoking in restaurants be banned ? How about other public places?i

I completely agree that smoking should be banned in restaurants . It is people's right to eat in a pleasant place . There are also some people who are sick and shouldn't be exposed to smoke .


be banned : ممنوع شدن = Be prohibited = Be forbidden

people's right : حق مردم .

pleasant place: مکان یا محل خوشایند ، دلنشین ، لذت بخش . تلفظش پیلیزنت نیست ، پِلِزنت هست/ ˈplɛz(ə)nt/

be exposed to : در معرض چیزی قرار گرفتن .



218

what diseases frightens you the most ? Why?i

Cancer frightens me the most . The exact reason for getting cancer has not been discovered yet , and there is no definite way for prevention . Medical research has not found a cure for cancer yet .

frighten: به وحشت انداختن .

The exact reason : علت دقیق . میتونید از عبارت این به جای Because استفاده کنید .

has not been discovered yet : تا الان کشف نشده .

definite way : راه قطعی .

prevention: پیشگیری .

cure : درمان = Treatment = Remedy



219

What do you think about abortion ? Why do some people support it and others are against it ?i

According to our religion , abortion within a certain age of embryo development is not banned because the embryo hasn't reached the stage of feeling and having a soul . But from that stage on , abortion is banned and is considered a crime and a sin .

According to our religion : بر اساس دینمون .

abortion within a certain age of embryo development : سقط جنین در یک سن خاص از رشد(تکامل) جنین .

embryo : جنین = Fetus

the stage of feeling and having a soul : مرحله ی احساس کردن و داشتن روح .

from that stage on : از اون مرحله به بعد .

a crime and a sin: جرم و گناه.


220

:Gol:An interesting TedTalk:ok: ... Click here

221

Fill each gap with one word.

  • the amount of money spent _____ coffee
  • sales of coffee _____ up in 2004
  • the UK saw by _____ the highest levels of spending
  • revenue _____ bananas was highest in the UK, _____ €15 million
  • the year 2004 _____ dramatic increases _____ the money spent

Don't see the answers unless you have filled the gaps

[SPOILER]
CORRECT ANSWERS

1. on
2. went
3. far
4. from, at
5. saw, in

[/SPOILER]

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_4aa30d180e.jpg)

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_b8e33e2f2c.jpg)

222

Fill the gaps in the sentences below using the word 'with' or the word 'at'.

  • The figure for resources peaked in 1991 ______ 20%.
  • Bristol was the UK’s second city in terms of the number of cyclists, ______ 8,108 in 2001.
  • It is uncommon for families to own three or more cars, ______ only 2% of households falling into this category.
  • The percentage change, ______ only 45%, was the lowest of the twelve areas shown in the table.
  • The North East of England had the highest unemployment rate, ______ 10.1%.
  • France’s population was more evenly distributed across the age ranges, ______ similar figures for each five-year cohort.

[SPOILER]CORRECT ANSWERS

1. at
2. with
3. with
4. at
5. at
6. with

[/SPOILER]

Tips

Use to when describing what happened to the number

In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose to 10%

Use by when describing the amount of change between two numbers

In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell by 2% (from 10% to 8%)i

Use with to give the idea of 'having' the number

Obama won the election with 52% of the vote

Use at to add the number on the end of a sentence

Unemployment reached its highest level in 2008, at 10%

223

Download the audio and try to fill the gaps below. Which city does each phrase refer to?i

  • top-_____ education and welfare
  • integration for immigrants to increase its _____
  • greatly _____ public transportation
  • innovative, mixed-use _____ incorporating cycling paths
  • hidden under the _____ of a neon-lit mega city
  • a small-town _____
  • world-class shopping and business _____
  • Australia’s cultural _____
  • a big push to _____ traffic congestion
  • integration between city life and the _____

:Correct answers

[SPOILER]

1. notch
2. diversity
3. improved
4. districts
5. facade
6. spirit
7. opportunities
8. hub
9. ease
10. outdoors

[/SPOILER]

224

[h=3]Students' questions[/h] Here are my answers to a few questions that people have asked in the 'comments' below recent lessons.

Can we lie (e.g. make up a story) in part 2 of the speaking test?i

Yes, it's ok to lie, but it's better to 'adapt' the truth..

In writing task 2, is it better to write four paragraphs or five?i

There isn't really a 'best' way; it's possible to write a band 9 essay with four, five, or even six paragraphs. My preference is for four paragraphs because this encourages you to go into more detail in each of the two main body paragraphs. More detail and depth = a better essay!

What type of books should I read to improve my reading skills?i

Anything that you read in English will help. My tip is to read things that you find interesting; if you enjoy reading, you'll read more, learn more, and improve faster.

Can we use symbols like $, £ and % in writing task 1?i

Yes, I usually prefer to use these symbols instead of full words like "per cent". For native speakers, it's very normal and natural to do this.

How can I improve my memory so that I use better vocabulary?i

In my experience, people become good at what they focus on. Are you constantly reading things in English, thinking about English, watching English videos, and making notes of anything new that you learn? If English is your main focus each day, I'm sure you'll improve.

:Gol:

225

Here's part of the article with some useful language highlighted:

The UK unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest level since 2009, official figures show. At 7.4%, this is the lowest rate since the February-to-April period in 2009. The number of people out of work fell by 99,000 to 2.39 million in the three months to October.

In Northern Ireland the unemployment rate was slightly higher at 7.5%, while Scotland's figure was 7.1.%. The North East of England had the highest unemployment rate, at 10.1%, while the lowest rate was 5.6% in the East of England.

ترکیب کلماتی که رنگی هستن رو نگاه کنید .. برای تحلیل چارت مهمه .. هر چقدر بیشتر بخونید این ترکیبات رو ، بیشتر احساس آزادی میکنید موقع تحلیل کردن .

IMAGE(http://www.askdin.com/gallery/images/46548/1_8bf1de5df9.jpg)

226

What do you think of cosmetic surgery? Do you know anyone who has had cosmetic surgery? Would you ever consider having cosmetic surgery?i

I think cosmetic surgery is a kind of artificial recreation of organs . Sometimes , it is essential ( for example , a burn victim ) . But most people undergo such operations just for the sake of looking more gorgeous . I do not know anyone who has had such a surgery . I don't think I would do a cosmetic surgery unless i were forced to .

cosmetic surgery: جراحی زیبایی .

artificial recreation of organs : بازآفرینی مصنوعی ارگانها. ( Recreation هم به معنی تفریح و سرگرمی هست و هم به معنی خلق مجدد یا بازآفرینی هست )

a burn victim : یک قربانی سوختگی .

undergo : متحمل شدن .

operation : عمل جراحی

for the sake of : بخاطر .

I would do a cosmetic surgery unless i were forced to
: به ساختار جمله دقت کنید .. در یک طرف Would و در طرف دیگر گذشته ساده .

227

What is the best way to stop smoking?i

It depends on the person and how determined he is . With the help and support of family members and friends , it will be possible to stop smoking .

determined : مصمم .

نکته :


We use the -ing form after stop to indicate that an action or event is no longer continuing:

[INDENT]It’s stopped raining. Let’s go for a walk. (It was raining, but not any more.)l

[/INDENT][INDENT]We’ve stopped using plastic bags in supermarkets. We take our own bag with us now when we go shopping.

در این نوع استفاده از فعل Stop یعنی متوقف شدن عمل بعدی که بصورت فعلا ing دار میاد.

[/INDENT]We use the to-infinitive after stop to indicate that someone stops doing something in order to do something else:

[INDENT]On the way to Edinburgh, we stopped to look at an old castle. (We were travelling, then we stopped our journey in order to look at the castle.)l

[/INDENT][INDENT]We stopped to have something to eat.


در این نوع ، یعنی استپ کردن از لحاظ مکانی .. مثلا : ما اینجا ایستادیم برای تهیه کردن چیزی برای خوردن . در این حالت ing نباید بیاریم .

[/INDENT]

228

What is the most horrible accident you have ever had ?i

It was last spring . I had not fastened my seat belt and I hit the car in front of me . I hurt my forehead badly . Since then , I fasten my seat belt as soon as I get into the car .


fasten my seat belt : بستن کمربند ایمنی .

hit : کوبیدن ، ضربه زدن ... Hit هم ساده هم گذشتش همینه .

hurt: صدمه زدن ... گذشتش و سادش همینه .

forehead : پیشونی .

Since then : از اون به بعد .


229

Who do you think is responsible for the care of your health - you yourself , your parents or your doctor and medical people ?i

Health organizations are responsible for care . They must observe restaurants and other public places . They also must take preventive actions in order to reduce infectious diseases.


you yourself : یعنی خود شما ... مثلا گاهی تو جملتون میخواید بگید : خودِ من یا من خودم ، اینطوری باید بگید I myself .. مثلا I myself saw him yesterday

care : مراقبت ، مواظبت

observe : نظارت کردن .

take preventive actions : اقدامات پیشگیرانه .

infectious diseases : بیماریهای مسری = Contagious diseases


230

Who is the healthiest person in your family ? Who is the least healthy ?i

My elder sister is the healthiest person. She does exercise regularly and is very careful about what she eats . My younger brother is the least healthy . He is crazy about fast-food and I never see him doing exercise , even for five minutes.

elder sister : خواهر بزرگتر .

He is crazy about : یعنی دیوانه وار دوست داشتن ...

نکته :


The comparative forms are :

Fewer (than) : → Fewer than 50 brochures were distributed.
Less (than) : → Less money was spent on advertising than last year.

The superlative forms are :

The fewest : → In December we received the fewest number of enquiries ever.
The least : → This car is the least expensive of all the models on show.



231

Talk about your hobbies.

Mountain climbing gives me strength , both physical and mental . Swimming refreshes me and teaches me how to face problems and be tolerant. Playing chess helps me think logically . Bike riding gives me energy to start a new day . And movies really entertain me .

Mountain climbing : کوهنوردی ... وقتی میخواید Climbing رو تلفظ کنید B تلفظ نمیشه یعنی میشه : کلایمینگ...

strength : استحکام ، قوت .

tolerant : صبور ، شکیبا ... اسمش میشه Tolerance یعنی صبر تحمل شکیبایی

logically : منظقی.

Bike riding
: دوچرخه سواری.

entertain : سرگرم کردن ، مشغول کردن .